Story within a story - Wikipedia. A story within a story is a literary device in which one character within a narrative narrates.[1]Mise en abyme is the French term for a similar literary device (also referring to the practice in heraldry of placing the image of a small shield on a larger shield). A story within a story can be used in all types of narration: novels, short stories, plays, television programs, films, poems, songs, and philosophicalessays. Types of nested story[edit]Story within a story[edit]The inner stories are told either simply to entertain or more usually to act as an example to the other characters. In either case the story often has symbolic and psychological significance for the characters in the outer story. There is often some parallel between the two stories, and the fiction of the inner story is used to reveal the truth in the outer story. The literary device of stories within a story dates back to a device known as a frame story, when the outer story does not have much matter and most of the bulk of the work consists of one or more complete stories told by one or more storytellers. This concept can be found in ancient Indian literature, such as the Jain Stories and epics. Mahabharata and Ramayana, Vishnu Sarma's Panchatantra, Syntipas' Seven Wise Masters, the Hitopadesha, and Vikram and the Vampire. Another early example of stories within a story can be found in the One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights), which can be traced back to Arabic, Persian, and Indian storytelling traditions. Homer's Odyssey too makes use of this device; Odysseus' adventures at sea are all narrated by Odysseus to the court of king Alcinous in Scheria. Other shorter tales, many of them false, account for much of the Odyssey. Often the stories within a story are used to satirize views, not only in the outer story, but also in the real world. The Itchy & Scratchy Show from The Simpsons and Terrance & Phillip from South Park both comment on the levels of violence and acceptable behaviour in the media and allow criticism of the outer cartoon to be addressed in the cartoon itself. Stories within a story may disclose the background of characters or events, tell of myths and legends that influence the plot, or even seem to be extraneous diversions from the plot.
In his 1. 89. 5 historical novel. Pharaoh, Bolesław Prus introduces a number of stories within the story, ranging in length from vignettes to full- blown stories, many of them drawn from ancient Egyptian texts, that further the plot, illuminate characters, and even inspire the fashioning of individual characters. The provenance of the story is sometimes explained internally, as in The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien, which depicts the Red Book of Westmarch (a story- internal version of the book itself) as a history compiled by several of the characters. The subtitle of The Hobbit ("There and Back Again") is depicted as part of a rejected title of this book within a book, and The Lord of the Rings is a part of the final title.[2]When a story is told within another instead of being told as part of the plot, it allows the author to play on the reader's perceptions of the characters—the motives and the reliability of the storyteller are automatically in question. In Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, the characters tell tales suited to their personalities and tell them in ways that highlight their personalities. The noble knight tells a noble story, the boring character tells a very dull tale, and the rude miller tells a smutty tale. In some cases, the story within a story is involved in the action of the plot of the outer story. An example is "The Mad Trist" in Edgar Allan Poe's Fall of the House of Usher, where through somewhat mystical means the narrator's reading of the story within a story influences the reality of the story he has been telling, so that what happens in "The Mad Trist" begins happening in "The Fall of the House of Usher". Also, in Don Quixote by Cervantes, there are many stories within the story that influence the hero's actions (there are others that even the author himself admits are purely digressive). An inner story is often independent, so that it can either be skipped over or be read separately, although many subtle connections may be lost. A commonly anthologised story is "The Grand Inquisitor" by Dostoevsky from his long psychological novel. The Brothers Karamazov, which is told by one brother to another to explain, in part, his view on religion and morality. It also, in a succinct way, dramatizes many of Dostoevsky's interior conflicts. Sometimes, the inner story serves as an outlet for discarded ideas that the author deemed to be of too much merit to leave out completely, something that is somewhat analogous to the inclusion of deleted scenes with DVD releases of films. An example of this is the chapter "The Town Ho's Story" in Herman Melville's novel Moby- Dick; that chapter tells a fully formed story of an exciting mutiny and contains many plot ideas that Melville had conceived during the early stages of writing Moby- Dick—ideas originally intended to be used later in the novel—but as the writing progressed, these plot ideas eventually proved impossible to fit around the characters that Melville went on to create and develop. Here you have it, the 100 best British films as chosen by a panel of 150 actors, directors, writers, producers, critics and other industry bigwigs. Left to right: Frank Beyer, Karel Reisz and Antonín Brousil at the 14th Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, 7 July 1964. ![]() Instead of discarding the ideas altogether, Melville wove them into a coherent short story and had the character Ishmael demonstrate his eloquence and intelligence by telling the story to his impressed friends. Arthur Ransome uses the device to let his young characters in the Swallows and Amazons series of children's books, set in the recognisable everyday world, take part in fantastic adventures of piracy in distant lands: two of the twelve books, Peter Duck and Missee Lee (and some would include Great Northern? With the rise of literary modernism, writers experimented with ways in which multiple narratives might nest imperfectly within each other. A particularly ingenious example of nested narratives is James Merrill's 1. Lost in Translation". Other prime examples of experimental modernist works that incorporate multiple narratives into one story are various novels written by the American author Kurt Vonnegut. Vonnegut includes the recurring character Kilgore Trout in many of his novels. Trout acts as the mysterious science fiction writer who enhances the morals of the novels through plot descriptions of his stories. Books such as Breakfast of Champions and God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater are sprinkled with these plot descriptions. Robert A. Heinlein's later books (The Number of the Beast, The Cat Who Walks Through Walls and To Sail Beyond the Sunset) propose the idea that every real universe is a fiction in another universe. This hypothesis enables many writers who are characters in the books to interact with their own creations. In The Amory Wars, a tale told through the music of Coheed and Cambria, tells a story for the first two albums but reveals that the story is being actively written by a character called the Writer in the third. During the album, the Writer delves into his own story and kills one of the characters, much to the dismay of the main character. Several Star Trek tales are stories or events within stories, such as Gene Roddenberry's novelization of Star Trek: The Motion Picture, J. The Technique Of Film Editing By Karel Reisz Director AndersonA. Lawrence's Mudd's Angels, John M. Ford's The Final Reflection, Margaret Wander Bonanno's Strangers from the Sky (which adopts the conceit that it is book from the future by an author called Gen Jaramet- Sauner), and J. R. Rasmussen's "Research" in the anthology Star Trek: Strange New Worlds II. Steven Barnes's novelization of "Far Beyond the Stars" partners with Greg Cox's The Eugenics Wars: The Rise and Fall of Khan Noonien Singh (Volume Two) to tell us that the story "Far Beyond the Stars"—and, by extension, all of Star Trek itself—is the creation of 1. Benny Russell. The Quantum Leap novel Knights Of The Morningstar also features a character who writes a book by that name. The Crying of Lot 4. Thomas Pynchon has several characters seeing a play called The Courier's Tragedy by the fictitious Jacobeanplaywright Richard Wharfinger. The events of the play broadly mirror those of the novel and give the main character, Oedipa Maas, a greater context with which to consider her predicament; the play concerns a feud between two rival mail distribution companies, which appears to be ongoing to the present day, and in which, if this is the case, Oedipa has found herself involved.
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Quick Heal Total Security 2009 Gmc SierraHow To Change Battery On Iphone 6 #. Quick Heal Total Security 2009 Gmc YukonEver notice how Christopher Nolan’s movies (Interstellar, Inception, The Prestige) feel like an anxiety attack? Well, maybe that’s overstating things a bit. Encuentra aquí información de Evolución histórica de las Computadoras para tu escuela ¡Entra ya! Evolución histórica de las computadoras. En la historia de la humanidad se han construido distintos tipos de instrumentos de ayuda para que el hombre pudiera calcular, hasta llegar a la computadora digital moderna.
Aquí mostraremos algunos hitos importantes en esta historia. Se muestra la evolución de las computadoras, así como de los dispositivos para entrada/salida y los medios de comunicación de datos. La primer persona en construir una máquina de calcular fue el francés Blaise Pascal (1. Era una máquina mecánica que sólo servía para sumar. En 1. 66. 6 Samuel Morbard crea una máquina para sumar y restar. Ya en 1. 67. 4, el barón Gottfired Wilhelm von Leibniz construye en Alemania una calculadora mecánica que no solo suma y resta, sino que también puede efectuar operaciones de multiplicación y división. Todas estas calculadoras eran mecánicas, en base a movimientos de engranajes, y los datos se ingresaban por medio de husos giratorios. En el año 1. 80. 1, Jacquard inventa una tarjeta de cartón a la que hace agujeros que se utiliza para "programar" una máquina de tejer. Más adelante (1. 82. Charles Babbage, un profesor de matemática de la Universidad de Cambridge diseña y construye la "máquina de diferencias". Este era un dispositivo mecánico que podía sumar y restar, y se usa para hacer cálculos por medio del método de diferencias finitas usando (en concreto fue usada para generar tablas de navegación). El resultado se registra en un plato de cobre (en forma de disco) en el que se perforan los resultados (de forma similar a la máquina de tejer de Jacquard). Esta calculadora funcionaba correctamente, pero sólo podía ejecutar un único algoritmo. Babbage dedicó tiempo y esfuerzos económicos en el diseño de una computadora de uso general, llamada la "Máquina Analítica" (1. En 1986, año en el que apareció nuestro primer número, nadie hablaba de celulares, nanotecnología e Internet, y conceptos como biología computacional y Viagra. Esta máquina, que fue diseñada generalización de la máquina de diferencias, tenía cuatro componentes básicos: Un "almacenamiento" (memoria) con capacidad para guardar 5. Esta se usaba para guardar estados intermedios, variables y resultados. Una "unidad de cómputo": puede recibir órdenes para hacer las cuatro operaciones básicas, y puede almacenar resultados en la memoria. Una unidad de entrada (con tarjetas perforadas). La unidad de entrada almacenaba el conjunto de órdenes que se deseaba ejecutar. Una unidad de salida: tarjetas perforadas y salida impresa. Perforando distintos conjuntos de instrucciones en las tarjetas de entrada, era posible que la máquina realizara distintas operaciones. Como esta computadora debía ser programada, Babbage contrató a Ada Augusta Lovelace (hija de Lord Byron), que se convirtió así en la primer programadora de la historia (1. El proyecto de Babbage nunca pudo ser concluido debido a problemas con el hardware, que no pudieron ser solucionados hasta casi un siglo más tarde. Durante este tiempo, hubo diversos avances que permitieron el posterior desarrollo de la computación digital. En el año 1. 84. 4, Samuel Morse envía un mensaje en telégrafo desde Washington a Baltimore (EE. UU.). En 1. 85. 4, George Boole publica "Una investigación sobre las leyes del pensamiento", describiendo un sistema de lógica simbólica y razonamiento (que sería la base del diseño de computadoras digitales). En el año 1. 85. 8 se tiende el primer cable telegráfico que cruza el Atlántico. En 1. 87. 6, Alexander Graham Bell inventa y patenta el Teléfono. En 1. 88. 9, Herman Hollerith gana, con su compañía, llamada the Electric Tabulating System, una licitación para el censo de los EE. UU. de 1. 89. 0. En el año 1. En el año 1. 89. 5, el italiano Guglielmo Marconi emite la primer señal de radio. En el año 1. 89. 6, Hollerith establece la compañía Tabulating Machine Company. En el año 1. 90. 4, John A. CONCLUSIONES: Nuestro país cuenta con un alto nivel de conocimiento técnico en materia de ensayos de cables, que nos impide consumir estos argumentos, presentados. Fleming patenta la válvula de vacío, que permite mejorar las comunicaciones por radio. En el año 1. 90. 8, el británico Campbell Swinton describe un método de escaneo electrónico que sería utilizado posteriormente en el tubo de rayos catódicos de los televisores. En el año 1. 91. 1, la Tabulating Machine Company de Hollerith se une con otras dos compañías, y forman la Calculating, Tabulating and Recording Company (CTR & Co.). En el año 1. 91. 9, dos físicos de los EE. UU., Eccles y Jordan, inventan el circuito de conmutación electrónica llamado flip- flop, que sería crítico para los sistemas de cómputo electrónico. En el año 1. 92. 0, a su vez, el checo Karel Cepel utiliza por primera vez la palabra "Robot" (que significa "Trabajo obligatorio") en una obra de teatro. En 1. 92. 4, T. J. Watson. cambia el nombre de la CRT & Co. IBM (International Business Machines). En 1. 92. 8 se usan osciladores de cuarzo para lograr alta precisión en mecanismos de medición de tiempo. Durante esta década retoma vigor el desarrollo de máquinas para realizar cálculos. Hartree construyó un "analizador diferencial", que usaba como principio básico un disco rotando en contacto con otro. A una velocidad de motor constante, la distancia transcurrida sería la integral en el tiempo de la relación de variación. En 1. 93. 0, en el MIT (EE. ![]() UU.), Vannevar Bush construye otro analizador diferencial. Este era un dispositivo electromecánico que podía usarse para integrar ecuaciones diferenciales. La precisión de esta máquina no era alta (5 en 1. A pesar de esto, al comparar con la velocidad humana para realizar las mismas tareas, una ecuación promedio puede constar de aproximadamente unas 7. Los siguientes avances significativos fueron en la década del 3. Alemania. En 1. 93. Konrad Zuse, un estudiante de ingeniería, comienza a construir una máquina de calcular electromecánica. Esta es construida en base a relés, con el objetivo de lograr mayor precisión que en las calculadoras existentes hasta ese momento. En 1. 93. 5, IBM empieza a vender una máquina de escribir eléctrica (la 6. En 1. 93. 6 Konrad Zuse termina de construir (a los 2. Z1 en la sala de la casa de sus padres. Su representación numérica usaba punto flotante binario. Nunca estuvo operativa debido a la precisión limitada de las partes mecánicas, lo que provocó trabajo posterior de Zuse para mejorarla. Un tiempo más adelante (1. EE. UU., John Atanasoff (de la Iowa State University) y George Stibbitz (de los Bell Labs) comienzan a diseñar (cada uno por su cuenta) calculadoras digitales electromecánicas basadas en relés. La computadora de Atanasoff era muy avanzada para la época: usaba aritmética binaria, y tenía una memoria de capacitores (que precisa refrescos cada determinado tiempo para mantener sus valores, exactamente de la misma forma que lo hacen los chips actuales de memoria dinámica). Esta computadora nunca llegó a estar operativa, al igual que la de Babbage, por problemas de tecnología. La computadora de Stibbitz era más primitiva, pero llegó a estar operativa. También en el año 1. Alan Turing presenta el trabajo "Acerca de números computables", presentando el concepto de su máquina teórica. En el mismo año Howard Aiken, un profesor de física en Harvard, envía a a IBM una propuesta para construir una máquina de cálculo automático. Esta debía ser capaz de hacer las cuatro operaciones aritméticas, y operar en una secuencia predeterminada. El trabajo de Aiken estuvo basado en el de Babbage, y la propuesta trataba de construir el diseño de Babbage usando relés en lugar de engranajes. La primer computadora construida por Aiken fue la Harvard Mark I (también llamada IBM ASSC) fue terminada recién en 1. Esta computadora tenía dispositivos para almacenar y operar números que eran cargados durante un cálculo o que eran resultados de operaciones previas. Tenía 6. 0 registros constantes, cada uno consistente de 2. Había 2. 3 dígitos significativos, y la posición 2. Había, además, 7. La entrada y la salida consistían de cintas de papel perforado, que podían montarse en teletipos para obtener resultados impresos. El tiempo requerido para ejecutar una instrucción era de 6 segundos. Originalmente la computadora no tenía circuitos de bifurcación (condicional o incondicional), los que fueron agregados más adelante. También se agregaron una unidad de multiplicación/división, más almacenamiento, registros y una unidad de cinta. Los datos estaban completamente separados de las instrucciones. Esta computadora estuvo activa desde 1. Los programadores solían ser matemáticos que trabajaban con una cartilla de operaciones. Cara Menginstall Internet Download Manager. Install Internet Download Manager gagal, permintaan serial number IDM dianggap illegal dan IDM tidak berfungsi. Itulah keluhan yang paling sering saya terima. Memang beberapa bulan lalu saya menurunkan review tentang software download tercepat yaitu IDM- 5. Oleh karena banyak kegagalan dalam instalasinya maka kali ini saya berikan cara install yang telah saya coba pada 2 sistem operasi yaitu Windows Vista dan Windows 7. Cara Install IDM- 5. Siapkan file- file instalasi IDM- 5. Klik dua kali pada idman. Klik [Next] seperti pada gambar diatas. Pada jendela selanjutnya klik [Next] lagi dan seterusnya. 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KAV1. 0) Windows XP Driver (3. Download)BIOS: From ACER: Updating an incorrect BIOS may cause harm to your system. We recomend that you only do this after being instructed by one of our Customer Care representatives. By using these updates you agree to accept the possibility of product failure. Acer BIOS v. 1. 1. MBAcer Aspire One D1. KAV1. 0) BIOS(Download)Acer BIOS v. MBAcer Aspire One D1. KAV1. 0) BIOS(Download). DBMS_SQLThe DBMS_SQL package provides an interface to use dynamic SQL to parse any data manipulation language (DML) or data definition language (DDL) statement using PL/SQL. For example, you can enter a DROPTABLE statement from within a stored procedure by using the PARSE procedure supplied with the DBMS_SQL package. Using DBMS_SQL Overview. Oracle lets you write stored procedures and anonymous PL/SQL blocks that use dynamic SQL. Dynamic SQL statements are not embedded in your source program; rather, they are stored in character strings that are input to, or built by, the program at runtime. This enables you to create more general- purpose procedures. For example, dynamic SQL lets you create a procedure that operates on a table whose name is not known until runtime. Native Dynamic SQL is an alternative to DBMS_SQL that lets you place dynamic SQL statements directly into PL/SQL blocks. In most situations, Native Dynamic SQL is easier to use and performs better than DBMS_SQL. ![]()
![]() However, Native Dynamic SQL itself has certain limitations: There is no support for so- called Method 4 (for dynamic SQL statements with an unknown number of inputs or outputs)Also, there are some tasks that can only be performed using DBMS_SQL. The ability to use dynamic SQL from within stored procedures generally follows the model of the Oracle Call Interface (OCI). PL/SQL differs somewhat from other common programming languages, such as C. For example, addresses (also called pointers) are not user- visible in PL/SQL. As a result, there are some differences between the Oracle Call Interface and the DBMS_SQL package. These differences include the following: The OCI uses bind by address, while the DBMS_SQL package uses bind by value. With DBMS_SQL you must call VARIABLE_VALUE to retrieve the value of an OUT parameter for an anonymous block, and you must call COLUMN_VALUE after fetching rows to actually retrieve the values of the columns in the rows into your program. The current release of the DBMS_SQL package does not provide CANCEL cursor procedures. Indicator variables are not required, because NULLs are fully supported as values of a PL/SQL variable. A sample usage of the DBMS_SQL package follows. I have 2 tables- student and studLoad both having 2 fields studID and studName. I want to load data from student table into stuLoad table. If the data already exists. For users of the Oracle Call Interface, this code should seem fairly straightforward. Security Model. DBMS_SQL is a SYS- owned package compiled with AUTHIDCURRENT_USER. Any DBMS_SQL subprogram called from an anonymous PL/SQL block is run using the privileges of the current user. In Oracle Database 1. Release 1 (1. 1. 1), Oracle introduces a number of enhancements to DBMS_SQL to improve the security of the package. Preventing Malicious or Accidental Access of Open Cursor Numbers. An error, ORA- 2. DBMS_SQL subprogram is called with a cursor number that does not denote an open cursor. When the error is raised, an alert is issued to the alert log and DBMS_SQL becomes inoperable for the life of the session. If the actual value for the cursor number in a call to the IS_OPEN Function denotes a cursor currently open in the session, the return value is TRUE. If the actual value is NULL, then the return value is FALSE. Otherwise, this raises an ORA- 2. Note that the OPEN_CURSOR Function is the only DBMS_SQL subprogram that has no formal parameter for the cursor number; rather, it returns a cursor number. Therefore it is not within the scope of these rules. Preventing Inappropriate Use of a Cursor. Cursors are protected from security breaches that subvert known existing cursors. Checks are made when binding and executing. Optionally, checks may be performed for every single DBMS_SQL subprogram call. The check is: The current_user is the same on calling the subprogram as it was on calling the most recent parse. The enabled roles on calling the subprogram must be a superset of the enabled roles on calling the most recent parse. Consistent with the use of definer's rights subprograms, roles do not apply. If either check fails, and ORA- 2. The mechanism for defining when checks are performed is a new overload for the OPEN_CURSOR subprogram which takes a formal parameter, security_level, with allowed values NULL, 1 and 2. When security_level = 1 (or is NULL), the checks are made only when binding and executing. When security_level = 2, the checks are always made. Upgrade Considerations. This security regime is stricter than those in Oracle Database 1. Release 2 (1. 0. 2) and previous releases. As a consequence, users of DBMS_SQL may encounter runtime errors on upgrade. While these security enhancements make for more secure applications, users may wish to relax the security checks temporarily as they migrate to Oracle Database 1. Release 1 (1. 1. 1). If so, please consult with Oracle Support on steps to relax the above security restrictions. Constants. The constants described in Table 1. PARSE Procedures. Table 1. 22- 1 DBMS_SQL Constants. Name. Type. Value. Description. V6. INTEGER0. Specifies Oracle database version 6 behavior. NATIVEINTEGER1. Specifies normal behavior for the database to which the program is connected. V7. INTEGER2. Specifies Oracle database version 7 behavior. Exceptions. inconsistent_type EXCEPTION. This exception is raised by the COLUMN_VALUE Procedure or the VARIABLE_VALUE Procedures when the type of the given OUT parameter (for where to put the requested value) is different from the type of the value. Operational Notes. Execution Flow. OPEN_CURSORPARSEBIND_VARIABLE or BIND_ARRAYDEFINE_COLUMN, DEFINE_COLUMN_LONG, or DEFINE_ARRAYEXECUTEFETCH_ROWS or EXECUTE_AND_FETCHVARIABLE_VALUE, COLUMN_VALUE, or COLUMN_VALUE_LONGCLOSE_CURSOROPEN_CURSORTo process a SQL statement, you must have an open cursor. When you call the OPEN_CURSOR Function function, you receive a cursor ID number for the data structure representing a valid cursor maintained by Oracle. These cursors are distinct from cursors defined at the precompiler, OCI, or PL/SQL level, and are used only by the DBMS_SQL package. PARSEEvery SQL statement must be parsed by calling the PARSE Procedures. Parsing the statement checks the statement's syntax and associates it with the cursor in your program. You can parse any DML or DDL statement. DDL statements are run on the parse, which performs the implied commit. Note. When parsing a DDL statement to drop a package or a procedure, a deadlock can occur if you're still using a procedure in the package. After a call to a procedure, that procedure is considered to be in use until execution has returned to the user side. Any such deadlock times out after five minutes. The execution flow of DBMS_SQL is shown in Figure 1. BIND_VARIABLE or BIND_ARRAYMany DML statements require that data in your program be input to Oracle. When you define a SQL statement that contains input data to be supplied at runtime, you must use placeholders in the SQL statement to mark where data must be supplied. For each placeholder in the SQL statement, you must call one of the bind procedures, the BIND_ARRAY Procedures or the BIND_VARIABLE Procedures, to supply the value of a variable in your program (or the values of an array) to the placeholder. When the SQL statement is subsequently run, Oracle uses the data that your program has placed in the output and input, or bind, variables. DBMS_SQL can run a DML statement multiple times — each time with a different bind variable. The BIND_ARRAY procedure lets you bind a collection of scalars, each value of which is used as an input variable once for each EXECUTE. This is similar to the array interface supported by the OCI. DEFINE_COLUMN, DEFINE_COLUMN_LONG, or DEFINE_ARRAYThe columns of the row being selected in a SELECT statement are identified by their relative positions as they appear in the select list, from left to right. For a query, you must call one of the define procedures (DEFINE_COLUMN, DEFINE_COLUMN_LONG, or DEFINE_ARRAY) to specify the variables that are to receive the SELECT values, much the way an INTO clause does for a static query. Use the DEFINE_COLUMN_LONG procedure to define LONG columns, in the same way that DEFINE_COLUMN is used to define non- LONG columns. You must call DEFINE_COLUMN_LONG before using the COLUMN_VALUE_LONG procedure to fetch from the LONG column. Use the DEFINE_ARRAY procedure to define a PL/SQL collection into which you want to fetch rows in a single SELECT statement. DEFINE_ARRAY provides an interface to fetch multiple rows at one fetch. You must call DEFINE_ARRAY before using the COLUMN_VALUE procedure to fetch the rows. EXECUTECall the EXECUTE function to run your SQL statement. Atmospheric entry - Wikipedia. Atmospheric entry is the movement of an object from outer space into and through the gases of an atmosphere of a planet, dwarf planet or natural satellite. There are two main types of atmospheric entry: uncontrolled entry, such as the entry of astronomical objects, space debris or bolides; and controlled entry (or reentry) of a spacecraft capable of being navigated or following a predetermined course. ![]() Technologies and procedures allowing the controlled atmospheric entry, descent and landing of spacecraft are collectively abbreviated as EDL. Animated illustration of different phases as a meteoroid enters the Earth's atmosphere to become visible as a meteor and land as a meteorite. Atmospheric drag and aerodynamic heating can cause atmospheric breakup capable of completely disintegrating smaller objects. These forces may cause objects with lower compressive strength to explode. Manned space vehicles must be slowed to subsonic speeds before parachutes or air brakes may be deployed. Such vehicles have kinetic energies typically between 5. MJoules, and atmospheric dissipation is the only way of expending the kinetic energy. The amount of rocket fuel required to slow the vehicle would be nearly equal to the amount used to accelerate it initially, and it is thus highly impractical to use retro rockets for the entire Earth re- entry procedure. While the high temperature generated at the surface of the heat shield is due to adiabatic compression, the vehicle's kinetic energy is ultimately lost to gas friction (viscosity) after the vehicle has passed by. Other smaller energy losses include black body radiation directly from the hot gasses and chemical reactions between ionized gasses. Ballistic warheads and expendable vehicles do not require slowing at re- entry, and in fact, are made streamlined so as to maintain their speed. ![]() The League City Area News Online covers education, gardening, politics, finance, health, investments, legal help, police reports, and news. This brief book offers a general view of short-time cepstrum-based speech parameterization and provides a common ground for further in-depth studies on the subject. Free online electrical engineering courses, books, software, spreadsheets, design guides, cad details, standards and codes. ![]() For Earth, atmospheric entry occurs above the Kármán line at an altitude of more than 1. Venus atmospheric entry occurs at 2. Mars atmospheric entry at about 8. Uncontrolled, objects accelerate through the atmosphere at extreme velocities under the influence of Earth's gravity. Most controlled objects enter at hypersonic speeds due to their suborbital (e. Space Shuttle), or unbounded (e. Various advanced technologies have been developed to enable atmospheric reentry and flight at extreme velocities. An alternative low velocity method of controlled atmospheric entry is buoyancy[1] which is suitable for planetary entry where thick atmospheres, strong gravity or both factors complicate high- velocity hyperbolic entry, such as the atmospheres of Venus, Titan and the gas giants.[2]History[edit]. Apollo Command Module flying at a high angle of attack for lifting entry, artistic rendition. The concept of the ablative heat shield was described as early as 1. Robert Goddard: "In the case of meteors, which enter the atmosphere with speeds as high as 3. For this reason, if the outer surface of the apparatus were to consist of layers of a very infusible hard substance with layers of a poor heat conductor between, the surface would not be eroded to any considerable extent, especially as the velocity of the apparatus would not be nearly so great as that of the average meteor."[3]Practical development of reentry systems began as the range and reentry velocity of ballistic missiles increased. For early short- range missiles, like the V- 2, stabilization and aerodynamic stress were important issues (many V- 2s broke apart during reentry), but heating was not a serious problem. Medium- range missiles like the Soviet R- 5, with a 1. The first ICBMs, with ranges of 8. In the U. S., this technology was pioneered by H. Julian Allen at Ames Research Center.[4]Terminology, definitions and jargon[edit]Over the decades since the 1. It is recommended that the reader review the jargon glossary before continuing with this article on atmospheric reentry. When atmospheric entry is part of a spacecraft landing or recovery, particularly on a planetary body other than Earth, entry is part of a phase referred to as "entry, descent, and landing", or EDL.[5] When the atmospheric entry returns to the same body that the vehicle had launched from, the event is referred to as reentry (almost always referring to Earth entry). Blunt body entry vehicles[edit]. Various reentry shapes (NASA) using shadowgraphs to show high- velocity flow. These four shadowgraph images represent early reentry- vehicle concepts. A shadowgraph is a process that makes visible the disturbances that occur in a fluid flow at high velocity, in which light passing through a flowing fluid is refracted by the density gradients in the fluid resulting in bright and dark areas on a screen placed behind the fluid. In the United States, H. Julian Allen and A. J. Eggers, Jr. of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) made the counterintuitive discovery in 1. From simple engineering principles, Allen and Eggers showed that the heat load experienced by an entry vehicle was inversely proportional to the drag coefficient, i. If the reentry vehicle is made blunt, air cannot "get out of the way" quickly enough, and acts as an air cushion to push the shock wave and heated shock layer forward (away from the vehicle). Since most of the hot gases are no longer in direct contact with the vehicle, the heat energy would stay in the shocked gas and simply move around the vehicle to later dissipate into the atmosphere. The Allen and Eggers discovery, though initially treated as a military secret, was eventually published in 1. Entry vehicle shapes[edit]There are several basic shapes used in designing entry vehicles: Sphere or spherical section[edit]The simplest axisymmetric shape is the sphere or spherical section.[8] This can either be a complete sphere or a spherical section forebody with a converging conical afterbody. The aerodynamics of a sphere or spherical section are easy to model analytically using Newtonian impact theory. Likewise, the spherical section's heat flux can be accurately modeled with the Fay- Riddell equation.[9] The static stability of a spherical section is assured if the vehicle's center of mass is upstream from the center of curvature (dynamic stability is more problematic). Pure spheres have no lift. However, by flying at an angle of attack, a spherical section has modest aerodynamic lift thus providing some cross- range capability and widening its entry corridor. In the late 1. 95. Because the spherical section was amenable to closed- form analysis, that geometry became the default for conservative design. Consequently, manned capsules of that era were based upon the spherical section. Pure spherical entry vehicles were used in the early Soviet Vostok and Voskhod and in Soviet Mars and Venera descent vehicles. The Apollo Command/Service Module used a spherical section forebody heat shield with a converging conical afterbody. It flew a lifting entry with a hypersonic trim angle of attack of −2. L/D (lift- to- drag ratio) of 0. This angle of attack was achieved by precisely offsetting the vehicle's center of mass from its axis of symmetry. Other examples of the spherical section geometry in manned capsules are Soyuz/Zond, Gemini and Mercury. Even these small amounts of lift allow trajectories that have very significant effects on peak g- force (reducing g- force from 8- 9g for a purely ballistic (slowed only by drag) trajectory to 4- 5g) as well as greatly reducing the peak reentry heat.[1. Sphere- cone[edit]The sphere- cone is a spherical section with a frustum or blunted cone attached. The sphere- cone's dynamic stability is typically better than that of a spherical section. The vehicle enters sphere- first. With a sufficiently small half- angle and properly placed center of mass, a sphere- cone can provide aerodynamic stability from Keplerian entry to surface impact. The "half- angle" is the angle between the cone's axis of rotational symmetry and its outer surface, and thus half the angle made by the cone's surface edges.). Prototype of the Mk- 2 Reentry Vehicle (RV), based on blunt body theory. The original American sphere- cone aeroshell was the Mk- 2 RV (reentry vehicle), which was developed in 1. General Electric Corp. The Mk- 2's design was derived from blunt- body theory and used a radiatively cooled thermal protection system (TPS) based upon a metallic heat shield (the different TPS types are later described in this article). The Mk- 2 had significant defects as a weapon delivery system, i. Investopedia - Sharper Insight. Smarter Investing. Find the best broker for your trading or investing needs. ![]() Searches in US on 1. September 2. 01. 6. Microsoft Office Professional Pro 2011 Activator Technique For Chiropractors![]() ![]() Retrouvez toutes les discothèque Marseille et se retrouver dans les plus grandes soirées en discothèque à Marseille. Search files on torrent trackers without registration and rating. DownloadShield - best torrent search and download manager, Trusted and Highspeed Torrents download. Get help, support, and tutorials for Windows products—Windows 10, Windows 8.1, Windows 7, and Windows 10 Mobile. |
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